WHAT IS A HOUSE FOR住宅所为何

Carl Fransson and Thomas Paltiel: Before arriving in Los Angeles we were not especially familiar with the architecture of Rudolf Schindler. We had come across his work, for example through Rayner Banham’s ‘The Architecture of Four Ecologies’, but had not really grasped the experimental and radical nature of his buildings. 

In 2016 we were given the opportunity to invest ourselves in Schindler through a six-month residency at the MAK Centre for Art and Architecture. This residency is part of a larger program which promotes Schindler’s work and centres around Kings Road as a place to nurture experimental artistic and architectural practices. 

WHAT WAS THE OUTPUT OF YOUR RESIDENCY? 

For the final exhibition at the end of our stay we built an installation occupying most of the Clyde Chase Studio in the Schindler House. The structure was an interpretation of the ‘jungle gym’ invented in 1920 by the engineer Sebastian Hinton. Conceived at a similar time to the Schindler House (1922), the installation opened up for a dialogue between two contemporaneous objects of contrasting nature - both conceptually and materially. 

WHERE DID THIS IDEA OF CONTRADICTION BETWEEN THE HOUSE AND AN OBJECT COME FROM? 

During our residency we researched California modernism rather freely, through site visits, books and films. 

At one point we came across the ‘jungle gym’, which turned out to be one of the first industrially produced playground equipment in the US. While designed at a similar time to the Schindler House it represented a very different outlook on space and technology. Captivated by its simple form and strict use of a framework we decided to explore it in relation to Schindler’s rough aesthetic and looser adaptation of the grid. 

Another reason to bringing this play structure into the house was its iconic appearance in Alfred Hitchcock’s ‘The Birds’, where it had a central place in one of the film’s most memorable and uncanny scenes. This cinematic reference was added to the installation through a reworked soundtrack. By combining the jungle gym with distorted bird sounds, the installation became both a study of spatial ideologies and how film affects our perception of space. 

WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE PROSPECTS OF SCHINDLER’S LAYOUT FOR CONTEMPORARY LIFE?

It would be a radical proposal even by today’s standards, both programmatically and technologically.

Schindler originally conceived the house as four ‘studios’ - two for Clyde and Marian Chase and two for Pauline and himself. By breaking the house down into individual rooms without a set program, normative ideas of domestic space and family units were disrupted. The exterior garden and courtyards provided common spaces, while ‘sleeping baskets’, a type of tent structure on the roof, encouraged sleeping outdoors. Both structurally and programmatically it allowed for a flexibility of use, while maintaining different degrees of privacy. On a whole it proposed unconventional relationships between its inhabitants.

There is an ascetic quality to it, that comes from both Pauline and Rudolf’s attraction to basic existential needs. Central heating systems were available at the time the house was built, but they chose rudimentary fireplaces to provide heat.

This along with other choices made for a domestic practice which today, in the light of a heavy resource dependency could be viewed as a contemporary ‘solution’ by accepting a level of discomfort. But this is by no means what clients are asking for. Even if it is over a century since the building was completed, we think that a house without a conventional dining room, bedrooms and an outside living room would be rejected by most clients. 

The way the house was built also made it easy for changing forms of habitation over time. For instance, during the early days interior partitions would be removed during large social events. Another example is how Pauline and Rudolf each occupied their own half of the house after separating in the 1930s. This ease of adaptation within a framework is something we ourselves consider relevant and pursue in our own work. 

We appreciate this type of flexibility, where something is both specific and yet adaptable over time. Maybe we could call it a ‘soft grid’. Programmatically we try to distil each project into a few elements. The main challenge is to get clients to go along with solutions which push the boundaries of their norms or expectations. The Schindler House is a reminder that if we want to build something significantly different - to show what an alternative model could look like, we probably need to be our own client. 

THE HOUSE DOESN’T SEEM TO PROPOSE A STYLE, IT’S NOT ICONIC, HOW DO YOU SEE THIS? 

It is correct that the house does not align with the popular image of modernism. One reason for this perception could be the project’s exclusion from Johnson and Hitchcock’s 1932 Modern Architecture: International Exhibition at MoMA, which was driven by a stylistic agenda and had a significant role in defining the modern canon.

Both Johnson and Hitchcock would later admit that the house in fact deserved a place in the history of modern architecture. But at that point the damage was already done. 

When you evaluate the house from an aesthetic viewpoint, you can sympathise with their misreading. The first impression of the house presents a rather primitive character. Low and embedded in the ground, with limited glazing, it seems to have more in common with the native pueblos than the modern movement. This impression also comes from the roughness of materials and finish which are largely a consequence of Schindler building the house himself, in collaboration with Clyde Chase. Casting experiments were done directly while constructing the house, also making the building an archive of its process. These irregularities are seldom picked up in the documentation of the building, but can for instance be seen in the Heinz Emigholz film-portrait from 2007. Emigholz also captures a certain level of disorientation which comes from the way the house is organised in plan.

IT WAS A SORT OF OPEN HOUSE. GUESTS WERE NOT NECESSARILY FORMALLY RECEIVED, BUT THEY JUST CAME AND WENT? 

This is true, in the 1920s and early 30s the house was a place of constant social gatherings. Pauline Schindler cared deeply about bringing people together for artistic and intellectual exchange, and saw the building as a device for doing this. In contrast to the spatial and social conventions of the time, the Schindler House was designed to encourage a more fluid approach to public and private thresholds.

When looking at the original plan you can see how Schindler drew a 4-foot grid across both the building and site. This reflects his ambition to define the house and garden as one continuous field. While the boundaries between inside and outside were somewhat blurry, the pin-wheel plan created clear rooms that defined private (indoor) and public (outdoor) spaces. 

The lightweight partitions in wood and ‘insulite’ or canvas were designed to be easily dismounted when larger social events demanded it. Also, most of the fireplaces face two directions, and therefore provide heat both to the studio’s and the exterior ‘living rooms’. Historical photographs show larger social gatherings taking place on informal furniture in the garden. The role of furniture in the house was to organise space and they could be arranged freely depending on the  needs and desires of its inhabitants. 

In our studio we often think about social and climatic thresholds and try to investigate this through the projects. One example is a house which is currently being built, where we combine infrastructure and living in one space. In winter it functions as a shelter for a boat and in summer a lightweight cabin. Even if the place is significantly colder than Los Angeles, the architecture deals with similar questions of comfort and the limits of habitation. 

WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY RADICAL? 

First of all, we are generally quite cautious with using radical as a term. But in the context of the Schindler House it feels appropriate as a way to bring attention to how it fundamentally challenged domestic life at the time of its making, both spatially, programmatically and materially. These are qualities that are hard to pick up on unless you have visited the house and looked into its history. 

The combination of being on site and having access to Ruldoph’s drawings, Pauline’s letters and the written accounts of Esther McCoy enabled us to understand the significance of the place. Together they made clear how the house was an outcome of Pauline and Rudolph Schindler’s joint ideologies and skills. A synthesis which we believe still challenges us to think about ‘what a house is for’ today.

29.04.2023

卡尔-弗兰森和托马斯-帕蒂尔:在来到洛杉矶之前,我们对鲁道夫-辛德勒的建筑并不特别熟悉。我们曾通过雷纳-班纳姆(Rayner Banham)的《四种生态的建筑》(The Architecture of Four Ecologies)等书接触过他的作品,但并没有真正领会到他的建筑所具有的实验性和激进性。 

2016 年,我们有机会通过在MAK艺术与建筑中心进行为期六个月的驻地计划,来深入研究辛德勒。这个驻地计划是一个更大项目的一部分,旨在推广辛德勒的作品,并以国王路为中心,培养实验性的艺术和建筑实践。

您的驻地成果是什么?

在驻地结束后的最后一次展览中,我们建造了一个装置,占据了辛德勒故居克莱德-蔡司工作室的大部分空间。该结构是对工程师塞巴斯蒂安-辛顿(Sebastian Hinton)于 1920 年发明的 “立体方格铁架 “的诠释。该装置与辛德勒之家(1922 年)的构思时间相近,在概念上和材料上为两个性质截然不同的同时代物体之间的对话开辟了道路。

住宅与物体之间的矛盾这一概念从何而来?

在驻留期间,我们通过实地考察、书籍和电影对加州现代主义进行了相当自由的研究。

有一次,我们看到了 “立体方格铁架”,它是美国最早工业化生产的游乐场设备之一。虽然设计时间与辛德勒之家相似,但它代表了一种截然不同的空间和技术观。我们被它简单的形式和严格的框架使用所吸引,决定将其与辛德勒的粗犷美学和对网格的宽松适应联系起来进行探索。

将这种游乐架引入住宅的另一个原因是它在阿尔弗雷德-希区柯克(Alfred Hitchcock)的《鸟》(The Birds)中的经典亮相,它在影片中最令人难忘和不可思议的场景之一中占据了中心位置。通过重新制作的音轨,我们在装置中加入了这个电影参考。通过将立体方格铁架与扭曲的鸟叫声相结合,这个装置既成为对空间意识形态的研究,也成为对电影如何影响我们的空间感知的研究。

您如何看待辛德勒的设计在当代生活中的前景?

即使以今天的标准来看,这也是一个激进的提议,无论是在功能(Program)上还是在技术上。

辛德勒最初将这座房子设想为四个“工作室”——克莱德和玛丽安-蔡斯两个,宝琳和他自己两个。通过将房屋分割为没有固定安排的单独房间,传统的家庭空间和家庭单元的想法被打破。外部花园和庭院提供了公共空间,而位于屋顶的 “睡篮”(一种帐篷结构)则鼓励在户外睡觉。无论是从结构上还是从安排上,它都允许灵活使用,同时保持不同程度的私密性。从整体上看,它提出了居住者之间的非传统关系。

它有一种禁欲主义的品质,这源于宝琳和鲁道夫对基本生存需求的追求。住宅建成时已经有了中央供暖系统,但他们还是选择了简陋的壁炉来供暖。

在严重依赖资源的今天,这种做法和其他选择可以被视为当代的 “解决方案”,即接受一定程度的不适。但这绝不是客户多期待的。我们认为,即使这座建筑已经竣工一个多世纪,没有传统的餐厅、卧室和室外起居室的住宅,仍然会被大多数客户拒绝。

这座住宅的建造方式也使它容易随着时间的推移发生不同的居住形式。例如,在早期的大型社交活动中,室内隔断会被拆除。另一个例子是,宝琳和鲁道夫在20世纪30年代分居后,各自占据了住宅的一半。我们认为,这种在一个框架内轻松适应的能力是我们在自己的工作中认同并追求的。

我们欣赏这种灵活性,即某一事物既是具体的,又可以随着时间的推移而调整。或许我们可以称之为 “软网格”。在功能上,我们试图将每个项目提炼为几个要素。我们面临的主要挑战是如何让客户接受我们的解决方案,突破他们的标准或期望。辛德勒之家提醒我们,如果我们想建造一些与众不同的建筑——展示另一种模式能够是什么样子,我们可能需要成为自己的甲方。

这栋住宅似乎没有提出一种风格,也不具有标志性,你们怎么看?

这座住宅确实不符合现代主义的流行形象。造成这种看法的原因之一可能是该项目被排除在约翰逊和希区柯克于 1932 年在纽约现代艺术博物馆举办的 “现代建筑:国际展览 “之外,该展览受到风格议程的驱动,对于定义现代主义典范方面发挥了重要作用。

约翰逊和希区柯克后来都承认,这座住宅在现代建筑史上确实应该占有一席之地。但此时,损害已经造成。

如果从美学的角度来评价这座房子,你会对他们的误读表示同情。这所住宅给人的第一印象相当原始。它低矮,嵌在地面上,玻璃窗有限,似乎与当地的普韦布洛人(pueblos)住所有更多的共同之处,而非现代主义运动。这种印象还来自于粗糙的材料和表面处理,这主要是辛德勒与克莱德-蔡斯(Clyde Chase)合作亲自建造房屋的结果。建房过程中进行了铸造实验,这也使建筑成为了其过程的档案。这些不规则之处很少在建筑文献中被关注,但可以在2007年海因茨-艾米格霍尔茨(Heinz Emigholz)的电影肖像中看到。艾米格霍尔茨还捕捉到了房子平面布局方式引起的某种程度的迷失感。

这是一种开放式的住宅。客人不一定需要受到正式接待,他们只是随意出入吗?

的确如此,在20世纪20年代和30年代初,这座住宅是一个不断举行社交聚会的地方。宝琳-辛德勒非常在意如何将人们聚集在一起进行艺术和知识交流,并将这座建筑视为实现这一目标的工具。与当时的空间和社会习俗形成鲜明对比的是,辛德勒之家的设计旨在鼓励更加流畅的公共和私人界限的处理方式。

在查看原始平面图时,您可以看到辛德勒是如何连贯的在建筑和场地上画出一个4 英尺的网格。这反映了他将房屋和花园定义为一个连续区域的雄心。虽然室内和室外的界限有些模糊,但这种风车式平面图创造了明确的房间,界定了私人(室内)和公共(室外)空间。

木质“保温材料“或帆布制的轻质隔墙被设计成在需要时可以轻松拆卸,以满足较大社交活动的需求。此外,大多数壁炉都朝向两个方向,因此可以同时为工作室和室外的 “起居室 “供暖。历史照片显示,大型社交聚会都是在花园的非正式家具上举行的。家具在住宅中的作用是组织空间,可以根据居民的需求和愿望自由摆放。

在我们工作室,我们经常考虑社交和气候的界限,并试图通过项目来研究这个问题。其中一个例子是目前正在建造的一栋住宅,我们在其中将基础设施和居住空间结合在一起。冬天,它可以作为船只的避风港,夏天则是一个轻便的小木屋。尽管这里比洛杉矶寒冷得多,但建筑所涉及的舒适度和居住极限问题却与洛杉矶相似。

什么叫激进?

首先,我们通常对于“激进”这个词的使用相当谨慎。但在辛德勒之家的背景下,这个词似乎是适当的,因为它可以让人们注意到它在建造时是如何从根本上挑战家庭生活的,无论是在空间上、功能上还是物质上。这些特质在没有亲自参观这座住宅并了解其历史的情况下很难理解。

通过实地考察,与查阅鲁道夫的图纸、宝琳的信件以及以及埃丝特-麦科伊(Esther McCoy)的书面记载,我们得以理解这个地方的重要性。这些资料清楚地表明,这座住宅是宝琳和鲁道夫-辛德勒共同的意识形态和技能的结晶。我们相信,这种综合至今仍在挑战着我们对 “住宅所为何 “的思考。

2023429

Carl Fransson and Thomas Paltiel: Before arriving in Los Angeles we were not especially familiar with the architecture of Rudolf Schindler. We had come across his work, for example through Rayner Banham’s ‘The Architecture of Four Ecologies’, but had not really grasped the experimental and radical nature of his buildings. 

In 2016 we were given the opportunity to invest ourselves in Schindler through a six-month residency at the MAK Centre for Art and Architecture. This residency is part of a larger program which promotes Schindler’s work and centres around Kings Road as a place to nurture experimental artistic and architectural practices. 

WHAT WAS THE OUTPUT OF YOUR RESIDENCY? 

For the final exhibition at the end of our stay we built an installation occupying most of the Clyde Chase Studio in the Schindler House. The structure was an interpretation of the ‘jungle gym’ invented in 1920 by the engineer Sebastian Hinton. Conceived at a similar time to the Schindler House (1922), the installation opened up for a dialogue between two contemporaneous objects of contrasting nature - both conceptually and materially. 

WHERE DID THIS IDEA OF CONTRADICTION BETWEEN THE HOUSE AND AN OBJECT COME FROM? 

During our residency we researched California modernism rather freely, through site visits, books and films. 

At one point we came across the ‘jungle gym’, which turned out to be one of the first industrially produced playground equipment in the US. While designed at a similar time to the Schindler House it represented a very different outlook on space and technology. Captivated by its simple form and strict use of a framework we decided to explore it in relation to Schindler’s rough aesthetic and looser adaptation of the grid. 

Another reason to bringing this play structure into the house was its iconic appearance in Alfred Hitchcock’s ‘The Birds’, where it had a central place in one of the film’s most memorable and uncanny scenes. This cinematic reference was added to the installation through a reworked soundtrack. By combining the jungle gym with distorted bird sounds, the installation became both a study of spatial ideologies and how film affects our perception of space. 

WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE PROSPECTS OF SCHINDLER’S LAYOUT FOR CONTEMPORARY LIFE?

It would be a radical proposal even by today’s standards, both programmatically and technologically.

Schindler originally conceived the house as four ‘studios’ - two for Clyde and Marian Chase and two for Pauline and himself. By breaking the house down into individual rooms without a set program, normative ideas of domestic space and family units were disrupted. The exterior garden and courtyards provided common spaces, while ‘sleeping baskets’, a type of tent structure on the roof, encouraged sleeping outdoors. Both structurally and programmatically it allowed for a flexibility of use, while maintaining different degrees of privacy. On a whole it proposed unconventional relationships between its inhabitants.

There is an ascetic quality to it, that comes from both Pauline and Rudolf’s attraction to basic existential needs. Central heating systems were available at the time the house was built, but they chose rudimentary fireplaces to provide heat.

This along with other choices made for a domestic practice which today, in the light of a heavy resource dependency could be viewed as a contemporary ‘solution’ by accepting a level of discomfort. But this is by no means what clients are asking for. Even if it is over a century since the building was completed, we think that a house without a conventional dining room, bedrooms and an outside living room would be rejected by most clients. 

The way the house was built also made it easy for changing forms of habitation over time. For instance, during the early days interior partitions would be removed during large social events. Another example is how Pauline and Rudolf each occupied their own half of the house after separating in the 1930s. This ease of adaptation within a framework is something we ourselves consider relevant and pursue in our own work. 

We appreciate this type of flexibility, where something is both specific and yet adaptable over time. Maybe we could call it a ‘soft grid’. Programmatically we try to distil each project into a few elements. The main challenge is to get clients to go along with solutions which push the boundaries of their norms or expectations. The Schindler House is a reminder that if we want to build something significantly different - to show what an alternative model could look like, we probably need to be our own client. 

THE HOUSE DOESN’T SEEM TO PROPOSE A STYLE, IT’S NOT ICONIC, HOW DO YOU SEE THIS? 

It is correct that the house does not align with the popular image of modernism. One reason for this perception could be the project’s exclusion from Johnson and Hitchcock’s 1932 Modern Architecture: International Exhibition at MoMA, which was driven by a stylistic agenda and had a significant role in defining the modern canon.

Both Johnson and Hitchcock would later admit that the house in fact deserved a place in the history of modern architecture. But at that point the damage was already done. 

When you evaluate the house from an aesthetic viewpoint, you can sympathise with their misreading. The first impression of the house presents a rather primitive character. Low and embedded in the ground, with limited glazing, it seems to have more in common with the native pueblos than the modern movement. This impression also comes from the roughness of materials and finish which are largely a consequence of Schindler building the house himself, in collaboration with Clyde Chase. Casting experiments were done directly while constructing the house, also making the building an archive of its process. These irregularities are seldom picked up in the documentation of the building, but can for instance be seen in the Heinz Emigholz film-portrait from 2007. Emigholz also captures a certain level of disorientation which comes from the way the house is organised in plan.

IT WAS A SORT OF OPEN HOUSE. GUESTS WERE NOT NECESSARILY FORMALLY RECEIVED, BUT THEY JUST CAME AND WENT? 

This is true, in the 1920s and early 30s the house was a place of constant social gatherings. Pauline Schindler cared deeply about bringing people together for artistic and intellectual exchange, and saw the building as a device for doing this. In contrast to the spatial and social conventions of the time, the Schindler House was designed to encourage a more fluid approach to public and private thresholds.

When looking at the original plan you can see how Schindler drew a 4-foot grid across both the building and site. This reflects his ambition to define the house and garden as one continuous field. While the boundaries between inside and outside were somewhat blurry, the pin-wheel plan created clear rooms that defined private (indoor) and public (outdoor) spaces. 

The lightweight partitions in wood and ‘insulite’ or canvas were designed to be easily dismounted when larger social events demanded it. Also, most of the fireplaces face two directions, and therefore provide heat both to the studio’s and the exterior ‘living rooms’. Historical photographs show larger social gatherings taking place on informal furniture in the garden. The role of furniture in the house was to organise space and they could be arranged freely depending on the  needs and desires of its inhabitants. 

In our studio we often think about social and climatic thresholds and try to investigate this through the projects. One example is a house which is currently being built, where we combine infrastructure and living in one space. In winter it functions as a shelter for a boat and in summer a lightweight cabin. Even if the place is significantly colder than Los Angeles, the architecture deals with similar questions of comfort and the limits of habitation. 

WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY RADICAL? 

First of all, we are generally quite cautious with using radical as a term. But in the context of the Schindler House it feels appropriate as a way to bring attention to how it fundamentally challenged domestic life at the time of its making, both spatially, programmatically and materially. These are qualities that are hard to pick up on unless you have visited the house and looked into its history. 

The combination of being on site and having access to Ruldoph’s drawings, Pauline’s letters and the written accounts of Esther McCoy enabled us to understand the significance of the place. Together they made clear how the house was an outcome of Pauline and Rudolph Schindler’s joint ideologies and skills. A synthesis which we believe still challenges us to think about ‘what a house is for’ today.

29.04.2023

卡尔-弗兰森和托马斯-帕蒂尔:在来到洛杉矶之前,我们对鲁道夫-辛德勒的建筑并不特别熟悉。我们曾通过雷纳-班纳姆(Rayner Banham)的《四种生态的建筑》(The Architecture of Four Ecologies)等书接触过他的作品,但并没有真正领会到他的建筑所具有的实验性和激进性。 

2016 年,我们有机会通过在MAK艺术与建筑中心进行为期六个月的驻地计划,来深入研究辛德勒。这个驻地计划是一个更大项目的一部分,旨在推广辛德勒的作品,并以国王路为中心,培养实验性的艺术和建筑实践。

您的驻地成果是什么?

在驻地结束后的最后一次展览中,我们建造了一个装置,占据了辛德勒故居克莱德-蔡司工作室的大部分空间。该结构是对工程师塞巴斯蒂安-辛顿(Sebastian Hinton)于 1920 年发明的 “立体方格铁架 “的诠释。该装置与辛德勒之家(1922 年)的构思时间相近,在概念上和材料上为两个性质截然不同的同时代物体之间的对话开辟了道路。

住宅与物体之间的矛盾这一概念从何而来?

在驻留期间,我们通过实地考察、书籍和电影对加州现代主义进行了相当自由的研究。

有一次,我们看到了 “立体方格铁架”,它是美国最早工业化生产的游乐场设备之一。虽然设计时间与辛德勒之家相似,但它代表了一种截然不同的空间和技术观。我们被它简单的形式和严格的框架使用所吸引,决定将其与辛德勒的粗犷美学和对网格的宽松适应联系起来进行探索。

将这种游乐架引入住宅的另一个原因是它在阿尔弗雷德-希区柯克(Alfred Hitchcock)的《鸟》(The Birds)中的经典亮相,它在影片中最令人难忘和不可思议的场景之一中占据了中心位置。通过重新制作的音轨,我们在装置中加入了这个电影参考。通过将立体方格铁架与扭曲的鸟叫声相结合,这个装置既成为对空间意识形态的研究,也成为对电影如何影响我们的空间感知的研究。

您如何看待辛德勒的设计在当代生活中的前景?

即使以今天的标准来看,这也是一个激进的提议,无论是在功能(Program)上还是在技术上。

辛德勒最初将这座房子设想为四个“工作室”——克莱德和玛丽安-蔡斯两个,宝琳和他自己两个。通过将房屋分割为没有固定安排的单独房间,传统的家庭空间和家庭单元的想法被打破。外部花园和庭院提供了公共空间,而位于屋顶的 “睡篮”(一种帐篷结构)则鼓励在户外睡觉。无论是从结构上还是从安排上,它都允许灵活使用,同时保持不同程度的私密性。从整体上看,它提出了居住者之间的非传统关系。

它有一种禁欲主义的品质,这源于宝琳和鲁道夫对基本生存需求的追求。住宅建成时已经有了中央供暖系统,但他们还是选择了简陋的壁炉来供暖。

在严重依赖资源的今天,这种做法和其他选择可以被视为当代的 “解决方案”,即接受一定程度的不适。但这绝不是客户多期待的。我们认为,即使这座建筑已经竣工一个多世纪,没有传统的餐厅、卧室和室外起居室的住宅,仍然会被大多数客户拒绝。

这座住宅的建造方式也使它容易随着时间的推移发生不同的居住形式。例如,在早期的大型社交活动中,室内隔断会被拆除。另一个例子是,宝琳和鲁道夫在20世纪30年代分居后,各自占据了住宅的一半。我们认为,这种在一个框架内轻松适应的能力是我们在自己的工作中认同并追求的。

我们欣赏这种灵活性,即某一事物既是具体的,又可以随着时间的推移而调整。或许我们可以称之为 “软网格”。在功能上,我们试图将每个项目提炼为几个要素。我们面临的主要挑战是如何让客户接受我们的解决方案,突破他们的标准或期望。辛德勒之家提醒我们,如果我们想建造一些与众不同的建筑——展示另一种模式能够是什么样子,我们可能需要成为自己的甲方。

这栋住宅似乎没有提出一种风格,也不具有标志性,你们怎么看?

这座住宅确实不符合现代主义的流行形象。造成这种看法的原因之一可能是该项目被排除在约翰逊和希区柯克于 1932 年在纽约现代艺术博物馆举办的 “现代建筑:国际展览 “之外,该展览受到风格议程的驱动,对于定义现代主义典范方面发挥了重要作用。

约翰逊和希区柯克后来都承认,这座住宅在现代建筑史上确实应该占有一席之地。但此时,损害已经造成。

如果从美学的角度来评价这座房子,你会对他们的误读表示同情。这所住宅给人的第一印象相当原始。它低矮,嵌在地面上,玻璃窗有限,似乎与当地的普韦布洛人(pueblos)住所有更多的共同之处,而非现代主义运动。这种印象还来自于粗糙的材料和表面处理,这主要是辛德勒与克莱德-蔡斯(Clyde Chase)合作亲自建造房屋的结果。建房过程中进行了铸造实验,这也使建筑成为了其过程的档案。这些不规则之处很少在建筑文献中被关注,但可以在2007年海因茨-艾米格霍尔茨(Heinz Emigholz)的电影肖像中看到。艾米格霍尔茨还捕捉到了房子平面布局方式引起的某种程度的迷失感。

这是一种开放式的住宅。客人不一定需要受到正式接待,他们只是随意出入吗?

的确如此,在20世纪20年代和30年代初,这座住宅是一个不断举行社交聚会的地方。宝琳-辛德勒非常在意如何将人们聚集在一起进行艺术和知识交流,并将这座建筑视为实现这一目标的工具。与当时的空间和社会习俗形成鲜明对比的是,辛德勒之家的设计旨在鼓励更加流畅的公共和私人界限的处理方式。

在查看原始平面图时,您可以看到辛德勒是如何连贯的在建筑和场地上画出一个4 英尺的网格。这反映了他将房屋和花园定义为一个连续区域的雄心。虽然室内和室外的界限有些模糊,但这种风车式平面图创造了明确的房间,界定了私人(室内)和公共(室外)空间。

木质“保温材料“或帆布制的轻质隔墙被设计成在需要时可以轻松拆卸,以满足较大社交活动的需求。此外,大多数壁炉都朝向两个方向,因此可以同时为工作室和室外的 “起居室 “供暖。历史照片显示,大型社交聚会都是在花园的非正式家具上举行的。家具在住宅中的作用是组织空间,可以根据居民的需求和愿望自由摆放。

在我们工作室,我们经常考虑社交和气候的界限,并试图通过项目来研究这个问题。其中一个例子是目前正在建造的一栋住宅,我们在其中将基础设施和居住空间结合在一起。冬天,它可以作为船只的避风港,夏天则是一个轻便的小木屋。尽管这里比洛杉矶寒冷得多,但建筑所涉及的舒适度和居住极限问题却与洛杉矶相似。

什么叫激进?

首先,我们通常对于“激进”这个词的使用相当谨慎。但在辛德勒之家的背景下,这个词似乎是适当的,因为它可以让人们注意到它在建造时是如何从根本上挑战家庭生活的,无论是在空间上、功能上还是物质上。这些特质在没有亲自参观这座住宅并了解其历史的情况下很难理解。

通过实地考察,与查阅鲁道夫的图纸、宝琳的信件以及以及埃丝特-麦科伊(Esther McCoy)的书面记载,我们得以理解这个地方的重要性。这些资料清楚地表明,这座住宅是宝琳和鲁道夫-辛德勒共同的意识形态和技能的结晶。我们相信,这种综合至今仍在挑战着我们对 “住宅所为何 “的思考。

2023429

Carl Fransson and Thomas Paltiel: Before arriving in Los Angeles we were not especially familiar with the architecture of Rudolf Schindler. We had come across his work, for example through Rayner Banham’s ‘The Architecture of Four Ecologies’, but had not really grasped the experimental and radical nature of his buildings. 

In 2016 we were given the opportunity to invest ourselves in Schindler through a six-month residency at the MAK Centre for Art and Architecture. This residency is part of a larger program which promotes Schindler’s work and centres around Kings Road as a place to nurture experimental artistic and architectural practices. 

WHAT WAS THE OUTPUT OF YOUR RESIDENCY? 

For the final exhibition at the end of our stay we built an installation occupying most of the Clyde Chase Studio in the Schindler House. The structure was an interpretation of the ‘jungle gym’ invented in 1920 by the engineer Sebastian Hinton. Conceived at a similar time to the Schindler House (1922), the installation opened up for a dialogue between two contemporaneous objects of contrasting nature - both conceptually and materially. 

WHERE DID THIS IDEA OF CONTRADICTION BETWEEN THE HOUSE AND AN OBJECT COME FROM? 

During our residency we researched California modernism rather freely, through site visits, books and films. 

At one point we came across the ‘jungle gym’, which turned out to be one of the first industrially produced playground equipment in the US. While designed at a similar time to the Schindler House it represented a very different outlook on space and technology. Captivated by its simple form and strict use of a framework we decided to explore it in relation to Schindler’s rough aesthetic and looser adaptation of the grid. 

Another reason to bringing this play structure into the house was its iconic appearance in Alfred Hitchcock’s ‘The Birds’, where it had a central place in one of the film’s most memorable and uncanny scenes. This cinematic reference was added to the installation through a reworked soundtrack. By combining the jungle gym with distorted bird sounds, the installation became both a study of spatial ideologies and how film affects our perception of space. 

WHAT DO YOU THINK ABOUT THE PROSPECTS OF SCHINDLER’S LAYOUT FOR CONTEMPORARY LIFE?

It would be a radical proposal even by today’s standards, both programmatically and technologically.

Schindler originally conceived the house as four ‘studios’ - two for Clyde and Marian Chase and two for Pauline and himself. By breaking the house down into individual rooms without a set program, normative ideas of domestic space and family units were disrupted. The exterior garden and courtyards provided common spaces, while ‘sleeping baskets’, a type of tent structure on the roof, encouraged sleeping outdoors. Both structurally and programmatically it allowed for a flexibility of use, while maintaining different degrees of privacy. On a whole it proposed unconventional relationships between its inhabitants.

There is an ascetic quality to it, that comes from both Pauline and Rudolf’s attraction to basic existential needs. Central heating systems were available at the time the house was built, but they chose rudimentary fireplaces to provide heat.

This along with other choices made for a domestic practice which today, in the light of a heavy resource dependency could be viewed as a contemporary ‘solution’ by accepting a level of discomfort. But this is by no means what clients are asking for. Even if it is over a century since the building was completed, we think that a house without a conventional dining room, bedrooms and an outside living room would be rejected by most clients. 

The way the house was built also made it easy for changing forms of habitation over time. For instance, during the early days interior partitions would be removed during large social events. Another example is how Pauline and Rudolf each occupied their own half of the house after separating in the 1930s. This ease of adaptation within a framework is something we ourselves consider relevant and pursue in our own work. 

We appreciate this type of flexibility, where something is both specific and yet adaptable over time. Maybe we could call it a ‘soft grid’. Programmatically we try to distil each project into a few elements. The main challenge is to get clients to go along with solutions which push the boundaries of their norms or expectations. The Schindler House is a reminder that if we want to build something significantly different - to show what an alternative model could look like, we probably need to be our own client. 

THE HOUSE DOESN’T SEEM TO PROPOSE A STYLE, IT’S NOT ICONIC, HOW DO YOU SEE THIS? 

It is correct that the house does not align with the popular image of modernism. One reason for this perception could be the project’s exclusion from Johnson and Hitchcock’s 1932 Modern Architecture: International Exhibition at MoMA, which was driven by a stylistic agenda and had a significant role in defining the modern canon.

Both Johnson and Hitchcock would later admit that the house in fact deserved a place in the history of modern architecture. But at that point the damage was already done. 

When you evaluate the house from an aesthetic viewpoint, you can sympathise with their misreading. The first impression of the house presents a rather primitive character. Low and embedded in the ground, with limited glazing, it seems to have more in common with the native pueblos than the modern movement. This impression also comes from the roughness of materials and finish which are largely a consequence of Schindler building the house himself, in collaboration with Clyde Chase. Casting experiments were done directly while constructing the house, also making the building an archive of its process. These irregularities are seldom picked up in the documentation of the building, but can for instance be seen in the Heinz Emigholz film-portrait from 2007. Emigholz also captures a certain level of disorientation which comes from the way the house is organised in plan.

IT WAS A SORT OF OPEN HOUSE. GUESTS WERE NOT NECESSARILY FORMALLY RECEIVED, BUT THEY JUST CAME AND WENT? 

This is true, in the 1920s and early 30s the house was a place of constant social gatherings. Pauline Schindler cared deeply about bringing people together for artistic and intellectual exchange, and saw the building as a device for doing this. In contrast to the spatial and social conventions of the time, the Schindler House was designed to encourage a more fluid approach to public and private thresholds.

When looking at the original plan you can see how Schindler drew a 4-foot grid across both the building and site. This reflects his ambition to define the house and garden as one continuous field. While the boundaries between inside and outside were somewhat blurry, the pin-wheel plan created clear rooms that defined private (indoor) and public (outdoor) spaces. 

The lightweight partitions in wood and ‘insulite’ or canvas were designed to be easily dismounted when larger social events demanded it. Also, most of the fireplaces face two directions, and therefore provide heat both to the studio’s and the exterior ‘living rooms’. Historical photographs show larger social gatherings taking place on informal furniture in the garden. The role of furniture in the house was to organise space and they could be arranged freely depending on the  needs and desires of its inhabitants. 

In our studio we often think about social and climatic thresholds and try to investigate this through the projects. One example is a house which is currently being built, where we combine infrastructure and living in one space. In winter it functions as a shelter for a boat and in summer a lightweight cabin. Even if the place is significantly colder than Los Angeles, the architecture deals with similar questions of comfort and the limits of habitation. 

WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY RADICAL? 

First of all, we are generally quite cautious with using radical as a term. But in the context of the Schindler House it feels appropriate as a way to bring attention to how it fundamentally challenged domestic life at the time of its making, both spatially, programmatically and materially. These are qualities that are hard to pick up on unless you have visited the house and looked into its history. 

The combination of being on site and having access to Ruldoph’s drawings, Pauline’s letters and the written accounts of Esther McCoy enabled us to understand the significance of the place. Together they made clear how the house was an outcome of Pauline and Rudolph Schindler’s joint ideologies and skills. A synthesis which we believe still challenges us to think about ‘what a house is for’ today.

29.04.2023

卡尔-弗兰森和托马斯-帕蒂尔:在来到洛杉矶之前,我们对鲁道夫-辛德勒的建筑并不特别熟悉。我们曾通过雷纳-班纳姆(Rayner Banham)的《四种生态的建筑》(The Architecture of Four Ecologies)等书接触过他的作品,但并没有真正领会到他的建筑所具有的实验性和激进性。 

2016 年,我们有机会通过在MAK艺术与建筑中心进行为期六个月的驻地计划,来深入研究辛德勒。这个驻地计划是一个更大项目的一部分,旨在推广辛德勒的作品,并以国王路为中心,培养实验性的艺术和建筑实践。

您的驻地成果是什么?

在驻地结束后的最后一次展览中,我们建造了一个装置,占据了辛德勒故居克莱德-蔡司工作室的大部分空间。该结构是对工程师塞巴斯蒂安-辛顿(Sebastian Hinton)于 1920 年发明的 “立体方格铁架 “的诠释。该装置与辛德勒之家(1922 年)的构思时间相近,在概念上和材料上为两个性质截然不同的同时代物体之间的对话开辟了道路。

住宅与物体之间的矛盾这一概念从何而来?

在驻留期间,我们通过实地考察、书籍和电影对加州现代主义进行了相当自由的研究。

有一次,我们看到了 “立体方格铁架”,它是美国最早工业化生产的游乐场设备之一。虽然设计时间与辛德勒之家相似,但它代表了一种截然不同的空间和技术观。我们被它简单的形式和严格的框架使用所吸引,决定将其与辛德勒的粗犷美学和对网格的宽松适应联系起来进行探索。

将这种游乐架引入住宅的另一个原因是它在阿尔弗雷德-希区柯克(Alfred Hitchcock)的《鸟》(The Birds)中的经典亮相,它在影片中最令人难忘和不可思议的场景之一中占据了中心位置。通过重新制作的音轨,我们在装置中加入了这个电影参考。通过将立体方格铁架与扭曲的鸟叫声相结合,这个装置既成为对空间意识形态的研究,也成为对电影如何影响我们的空间感知的研究。

您如何看待辛德勒的设计在当代生活中的前景?

即使以今天的标准来看,这也是一个激进的提议,无论是在功能(Program)上还是在技术上。

辛德勒最初将这座房子设想为四个“工作室”——克莱德和玛丽安-蔡斯两个,宝琳和他自己两个。通过将房屋分割为没有固定安排的单独房间,传统的家庭空间和家庭单元的想法被打破。外部花园和庭院提供了公共空间,而位于屋顶的 “睡篮”(一种帐篷结构)则鼓励在户外睡觉。无论是从结构上还是从安排上,它都允许灵活使用,同时保持不同程度的私密性。从整体上看,它提出了居住者之间的非传统关系。

它有一种禁欲主义的品质,这源于宝琳和鲁道夫对基本生存需求的追求。住宅建成时已经有了中央供暖系统,但他们还是选择了简陋的壁炉来供暖。

在严重依赖资源的今天,这种做法和其他选择可以被视为当代的 “解决方案”,即接受一定程度的不适。但这绝不是客户多期待的。我们认为,即使这座建筑已经竣工一个多世纪,没有传统的餐厅、卧室和室外起居室的住宅,仍然会被大多数客户拒绝。

这座住宅的建造方式也使它容易随着时间的推移发生不同的居住形式。例如,在早期的大型社交活动中,室内隔断会被拆除。另一个例子是,宝琳和鲁道夫在20世纪30年代分居后,各自占据了住宅的一半。我们认为,这种在一个框架内轻松适应的能力是我们在自己的工作中认同并追求的。

我们欣赏这种灵活性,即某一事物既是具体的,又可以随着时间的推移而调整。或许我们可以称之为 “软网格”。在功能上,我们试图将每个项目提炼为几个要素。我们面临的主要挑战是如何让客户接受我们的解决方案,突破他们的标准或期望。辛德勒之家提醒我们,如果我们想建造一些与众不同的建筑——展示另一种模式能够是什么样子,我们可能需要成为自己的甲方。

这栋住宅似乎没有提出一种风格,也不具有标志性,你们怎么看?

这座住宅确实不符合现代主义的流行形象。造成这种看法的原因之一可能是该项目被排除在约翰逊和希区柯克于 1932 年在纽约现代艺术博物馆举办的 “现代建筑:国际展览 “之外,该展览受到风格议程的驱动,对于定义现代主义典范方面发挥了重要作用。

约翰逊和希区柯克后来都承认,这座住宅在现代建筑史上确实应该占有一席之地。但此时,损害已经造成。

如果从美学的角度来评价这座房子,你会对他们的误读表示同情。这所住宅给人的第一印象相当原始。它低矮,嵌在地面上,玻璃窗有限,似乎与当地的普韦布洛人(pueblos)住所有更多的共同之处,而非现代主义运动。这种印象还来自于粗糙的材料和表面处理,这主要是辛德勒与克莱德-蔡斯(Clyde Chase)合作亲自建造房屋的结果。建房过程中进行了铸造实验,这也使建筑成为了其过程的档案。这些不规则之处很少在建筑文献中被关注,但可以在2007年海因茨-艾米格霍尔茨(Heinz Emigholz)的电影肖像中看到。艾米格霍尔茨还捕捉到了房子平面布局方式引起的某种程度的迷失感。

这是一种开放式的住宅。客人不一定需要受到正式接待,他们只是随意出入吗?

的确如此,在20世纪20年代和30年代初,这座住宅是一个不断举行社交聚会的地方。宝琳-辛德勒非常在意如何将人们聚集在一起进行艺术和知识交流,并将这座建筑视为实现这一目标的工具。与当时的空间和社会习俗形成鲜明对比的是,辛德勒之家的设计旨在鼓励更加流畅的公共和私人界限的处理方式。

在查看原始平面图时,您可以看到辛德勒是如何连贯的在建筑和场地上画出一个4 英尺的网格。这反映了他将房屋和花园定义为一个连续区域的雄心。虽然室内和室外的界限有些模糊,但这种风车式平面图创造了明确的房间,界定了私人(室内)和公共(室外)空间。

木质“保温材料“或帆布制的轻质隔墙被设计成在需要时可以轻松拆卸,以满足较大社交活动的需求。此外,大多数壁炉都朝向两个方向,因此可以同时为工作室和室外的 “起居室 “供暖。历史照片显示,大型社交聚会都是在花园的非正式家具上举行的。家具在住宅中的作用是组织空间,可以根据居民的需求和愿望自由摆放。

在我们工作室,我们经常考虑社交和气候的界限,并试图通过项目来研究这个问题。其中一个例子是目前正在建造的一栋住宅,我们在其中将基础设施和居住空间结合在一起。冬天,它可以作为船只的避风港,夏天则是一个轻便的小木屋。尽管这里比洛杉矶寒冷得多,但建筑所涉及的舒适度和居住极限问题却与洛杉矶相似。

什么叫激进?

首先,我们通常对于“激进”这个词的使用相当谨慎。但在辛德勒之家的背景下,这个词似乎是适当的,因为它可以让人们注意到它在建造时是如何从根本上挑战家庭生活的,无论是在空间上、功能上还是物质上。这些特质在没有亲自参观这座住宅并了解其历史的情况下很难理解。

通过实地考察,与查阅鲁道夫的图纸、宝琳的信件以及以及埃丝特-麦科伊(Esther McCoy)的书面记载,我们得以理解这个地方的重要性。这些资料清楚地表明,这座住宅是宝琳和鲁道夫-辛德勒共同的意识形态和技能的结晶。我们相信,这种综合至今仍在挑战着我们对 “住宅所为何 “的思考。

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Studio Näv

studio nāv was founded in 2013 by Carl Fransson and Thomas Paltiel. studio nāv is recognised as a spatial practice investigating architecture from the basis of its formal, material and social premises. Rooted within aesthetic theory and design history, projects are often initiated by an extensive period of research before entering into a phase of formal composition and design. Each undertaking is formulated according to a clear framework from which the production and negotiation of architecture can be exercised, often in collaboration with other thinkers. In contrast to a more traditional understanding of collaboration this process is not appreciated in terms of consensus, but rather as a method to generate spaces of ‘unitary multiplicity’. studio nāv grows out of an interdisciplinary tradition and has predominantly figured within the arts.

studio-nav.com

Studio Näv

studio nāv was founded in 2013 by Carl Fransson and Thomas Paltiel. studio nāv is recognised as a spatial practice investigating architecture from the basis of its formal, material and social premises. Rooted within aesthetic theory and design history, projects are often initiated by an extensive period of research before entering into a phase of formal composition and design. Each undertaking is formulated according to a clear framework from which the production and negotiation of architecture can be exercised, often in collaboration with other thinkers. In contrast to a more traditional understanding of collaboration this process is not appreciated in terms of consensus, but rather as a method to generate spaces of ‘unitary multiplicity’. studio nāv grows out of an interdisciplinary tradition and has predominantly figured within the arts.

studio-nav.com

Studio Näv

studio nāv was founded in 2013 by Carl Fransson and Thomas Paltiel. studio nāv is recognised as a spatial practice investigating architecture from the basis of its formal, material and social premises. Rooted within aesthetic theory and design history, projects are often initiated by an extensive period of research before entering into a phase of formal composition and design. Each undertaking is formulated according to a clear framework from which the production and negotiation of architecture can be exercised, often in collaboration with other thinkers. In contrast to a more traditional understanding of collaboration this process is not appreciated in terms of consensus, but rather as a method to generate spaces of ‘unitary multiplicity’. studio nāv grows out of an interdisciplinary tradition and has predominantly figured within the arts.

studio-nav.com